The PLAIN+ Grammar of English Criteria for coding syntactic templates in the lexicon Peter Hellwig, University of Heidelberg Updates: 1 Nov 1994, 20 Sep 1995 How to proceed - Assess the capacity of the lexical item in question to govern complements according to Part 1 COMPLEMENTS. - See the section under the wordclass that applies to the item you want to describe (compare various wordclasses, e.g. preposition/ conjunction/ particle in case of uncertainty) - Check whether one of the contexts (indicated in Times Roman) matches with the occurrence of the item in the corpus - Inspect the individual cases; perform the indicated tests, read notes and warnings; if there is a "c.f." continue at the indicated place in the paper; otherwise assign the indicated code to the (lexeme : wordclass) within a COMPLEMENTS reference. - Inspect the capacity of the lexical item in question to be a dependent according to Part 2 ADJUNCT reference. - See the section under the word class of the item in question. - Check the section ADJUNCT to wordclass for the wordclass of the contextual head - Test and assign the indicated code. Note: In a DUG each syntagmatic relationship is either described in an entry for the head, specifying possible complements (top-down so-to-speak) or in an entry for the dependent, specifying the possible adjunct functions of the item (bottom_up so-to-speak). Which method is used in the concrete case of a syntactic relationship is arbitrary to a certain extent (depending on which solution requires less computer time). Therefore, you might have to try both interpretations: If you don't find a complement for a certain head where you expected it (e.g. a slot for the determiner as a complement of the noun), see whether there is a corresponding adjunct template for the dependent (namely a template for the determiner as adjunct-to-noun). Legend: & = a list of templates must be coded <> = a lexical selection must be coded in addition to the template Codes are in bold, examples are in italics. Part 1: COMPLEMENTS Wordclass sign - utterance marker at the end of the sentence Individual templates: - statement' for '.' - question' for '?' - wh_question' for '?' - command' for '!' - quote' for '\'' - quotation' for '"' Wordclass verb Note: Lexical codes describe the verb in the active voice and with a "normalized" sentence structure (statement rather than question or command, no ellipsis, no extraposition, no cleft sentence etc.). Templates for special sentence structures are derived from the basic codes by means of expansion rules. These templates never occur in the lexicon: - +corr_subj_clause covers pronoun "it" occurring with subject clauses - +corr_obj_clause covers pronoun "it" occurring with object clause - +subject_that_p covers subject clause in postposition - +subject_that_madat_p - +subject_to_inf_p - +subject_ing_p - +subject_quest_p - +there covers the pronoun "there" in sentences of existence - +there_subject covers the subject in sentences of existence (to be created by replacement of +subject_exist) - +agent covers the "by" phrase in the passive mode - with bare infinitive as part of the predicate Individual templates (presently not coded in the lexicon): - do for the auxiliary "do" with infinitive in questions, negated sentences and emphasis - modal' for modal auxiliaries with infinitive; question sentences with these modals have no "do" (must he work?). Don't mix up with semi-modals. Cf. with to_infinitive - with ing-participle as part of the predicate Individual templates (presently not coded in the lexicon): - passive' for the auxiliary "be" with past participle - progressive' for the auxiliary "be" with ing-participle - with past participle as part of the predicate Individual templates (presently not coded in the lexicon): - perfect' for the auxiliary "have" with past participle - with to-infinitive as part of the predicate (Is it a semi-modal)? - Not a predicate: Is the infinitive clause the subject or can the infinitive clause be turned into the subject of a passive sentence? C.F. +subject_to_inf, +dir_obj1_to_inf below. - Is the head a semi-modal, i.e. the argument structure does not depend on it. Does the type of subject depend on the verb in the to-infinitive? If you change the verb in the infinitive, does this have an impact on the subject? This is a feature of an auxiliary as opposed to a full verb. - However, as opposed to auxiliaries, is "do" required in questions? Does he SEEM to do it? (as opposed to Must he do it?) CODE: & +aux_subject +pred_infinitive - otherwise c.f. with to-infinitive clause Don't mix up with: +dir_obj1_to_inf - with a particle? (Is it a phrasal Verb?) - can the particle be omitted and is the compound meaning the sum of the verb and the particle (he WALKED AWAY = he walked - and he is then away ) then c.f. adverb E.g. compound meaning is not the sum: CALL UP s.o. (not: he called - and he is up) , CALL ON s.th - Is the particle equal to a preposition after which an NP can follow? (he WALKED PAST/PAST THE BARN), c.f. adverb, or even must follow (he CALLED ON ME), c.f. prep_object. (There might be an NP with the particle, which is a dir_obj1, though. Try the passive test.) - can anything be inserted between verb and particle? (He DROVE quickly OFF THE ROAD. *The plane TOOK immediately OFF) if not so CODE: +phrasal Don't mix up with: +prep_obj - with idiomatic component (other than particle)? - Is it a fixed component that cannot be replaced without changing the meaning completely (take CARE) CODE: +idiom - Additional test for nouns: The noun cannot be replaced by a pronoun (take INTO ACCOUNT - *take into IT, catch SIGHT of -*catch ONE). If so CODE +idiom, otherwise c.f. objects Note: Quotes guarantee that the idiom consists exactly of the expression quoted. If a certain grammatical freedom of the idiom is possible then use a lexeme for selection. - with adjective? - Can the adjective be missing (He runs FAST, he runs) c.f. adverb. If the adjective must be present: - The adjective is the essential part of predicate. The type of subject and the presence of objects depend on it; the subject type may change if the adjective is changed (She is/becomes/remains beautiful; That he did it is/remains, becomes certain); CODE: & +aux_subject +pred_adjective - The adjective is an additional part of the predicate. However, the subject and the other complements depend on the verb; the subject type remains the same if adjective is changed; a restricted set of adjectives might be admissible (She grew happy/sad). Further tests: - The adjective quality adheres to the subject (She grew happy -> She is happy) CODE: +adje_pred_subj - There is an object and the adjective quality adheres to the object (I find this trip exiting -> This trip is exiting). CODE: +adje_pred_obj - "as" must precede the adjective (not the comparative "as ... as"): I recognize her AS INTELLIGENT. CODE: +adje_pred_obj_as with predicative noun phrase ? - This NP occurs in addition to the subject and it is not an object. While subject and object can refer to different entities in the world (The boy saw a student/a fool = two entities) the predicative noun does not refer to another entity in the world. It either introduces a quality of the subject (The boy is a student; the boy felt a fool = one entity) or it identifies two entities as being in fact the same one (The boy is the leader = one entity). Further tests: - The predicative noun phrase and the subject refer to the same entity. CODE: +noun_pred_subj - The predicative noun phrase and an object refer to the same entity (They make him THE CHAIRMAN) CODE: +noun_pred_obj with predicative prepositional phrase (preposition "as" or "for") - Tests are the same as for predicative noun phrase. If a new entity can be introduced by "for" (I vote for him = two entities) c.f. prepositional object or (She baked a cake for the children) c.f. adverbials. Don't mix upwith : +prep_obj - A phrase with "as" refers to the same entity as the subject (This item functions AS A SUBSTITUTE). CODE: +noun_pred_subj_as - A phrase with "for" refers to the same entity as the subject (I don't know whether this occurs in the active voice). CODE: +noun_pred_subj_for - A phrase with "as" refers to the same entity as the object (They treated them AS GUESTS). CODE: +noun_pred_obj_as - A phrase with "for" refers to the same entity as the object (You must not mistake lack of education FOR LACK OF WISDOM). CODE: +noun_pred_obj_for - with a noun phrase as subject ? - Does the phrase denote the one that is x-ing? (The girl/she/who sleeps) CODE: +subject Note: A nominal relative clause can function as a noun phrase and needs no special coding. Check if the relative clause can be replaced by "the one who .." or "the one which" ? (WHO COMES FIRST is served first -> The one who comes first ...) - with "it" as subject? - There is no other subject (IT rains); "It" is not a pronoun that can be replaced by a noun phrase or another pronoun as in "it/she fell down". "it" does not refer to a clause in the same sentence as in It pleased her that he looked at her. (This would be a +subject_that; cf. verb with a clause) CODE: +subject_it - with a noun phrase as object Note: Several such noun phrases of different types can occur, e.g. direct plus indirect object, however no more than one of the same type. You can specify disjunctions of any templates that exclude each other. Note: In the present grammar, all object templates are obligatory: If an object can be missing without being mentioned in the context (ellipsis) then encode two valency frames. As with subject, a nominal relative clause can function as the noun phrase and needs no special code. - Does this NP occur in addition to the subject and does it always follow the verb? Does the pronoun require the objective case? Does it introduce a new entity in the world in addition to subject and other objects? Otherwise consider predicative noun phrase. Further tests: - Is there a prepositional phrase with "to" as an alternative (with the same truth conditions)? (I give HIM the book -> I give the book TO HIM) CODE: +indir_obj Don't mix up with: +dir_obj2 - Does the phrase denote the entity which is x-ed and can it become the subject in the passive? (I give him THE BOOK -> THE BOOK is given to him) CODE: +dir_obj1 - Can the phrase neither be replaced by a prepositional phrase with "to" nor be transformed into subject in the passive? (This coat fits the lady.) CODE: +dir_obj2 - with a prepositional phrase? - Exclude adverbials! The prepositional phrase cannot be omitted. It cannot be moved in front of the verb. It cannot be substituted by "where", "when", "to what extent" etc. (The result depends ON THE INPUT - *The result depends. *ON THE INPUT, the result depends. * Where does the result depend?) - Exclude phrasal verbs plus direct objects: Can the NP turned into the subject of a passive sentence? Then consider +phrasal and +dir_obj1 (You can skips over templates - Templates are skipped over.) - prepositional object can be "echo"-questioned with preposition; +phrasal can't (Turn on the radio! *On what? - It depends on the situation. On what? - In the case of "to" exclude indirect object! There is no simple noun phrase as an alternative (He talked TO THE MAN - * He talked the man) CODE: +prep_obj Don't mix up with: +phrasal. Note: If you are in doubt about the interpretation of a prepositional phrase as object or adverbial, consider coding an "expected adjunct". This is an adverbial that becomes obligatory for a verb by including it among the templates of complements. - with a prepositional phrase plus to-infinitive clause? - A prepositional phrase can be followed by a to-infinitive, both representing logically one argument (You must wait FOR HIM TO RETURN THE KEY) CODE: & +prep_obj +suppl_to_inf - with a clause (except a nominal relative clause) Note: Several types of object clauses can fulfill the same function and, hence, exclude each other. Possibly, a noun phrase can be another alternative. Test: Can they all be an answer to the same question: What does he suggest? - He suggests that we go. He suggests to go. He suggests a break. The corresponding templates must by coded as a disjunction. - with a "that"-clause ? If the verb in the clause must be indicative(can't be subjunctive): - Does this clause denote the x-ing? Is there no other candidate for subject? If there is an "it", can it be eliminated by moving the "that"-clause in front of the sentence? (THAT HE ANSWERS THE QUESTION pleased her) CODE: +subject_that - Does this clause denote the x-ed? Is something else the subject? Can a passive be formed where the "that"-clause is the subject, possibly with a correlating"it". (I know THAT SHE IS CLEVER - IT is known THAT SHE IS CLEVER.) CODE: +dir_obj1_that Note: Also code this template, if the conjunction is omitted: I know she is clever. - This is not the subject and not the x-ed. This clause can not become the subject in the passive. (He convinced me THAT I WAS WRONG.). CODE: +obj_that Note: This type of clause often occurs together with a +dir_obj1 If the verb in the clause can be subjunctive (or indicative) - Test as for +subject_that. CODE: +subject_that_mandat - Test as for +dir_obj1_that. (I suggest THAT HE ADMIT ALL APPLICANTS) CODE: dir_obj1_that_mandat - Test as for +dir_obj2_that. (I insist THAT HE ADMIT ALL APPLICANTS) CODE: obj_that_mandat - with plain infinitive clause? - Exclude modal verbs! As opposed to modals, the subject does not depend on verb in the infinitive. (It helps you UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM) CODE +obj_inf - with direct object plus plain infinitive clause? The plain infinitive occurs together with a direct object and both jointly represent the x-ed (AcI). - Are the noun and the infinitive to be substituted by "what"?: I heard Bob DRIVE AWAY. - What did I hear? - Is the direct object logically the subject of the infinitive clause? CODE: & +dir_obj1 +suppl_inf - with to-infinite clause ? - Check predicative to-infinitive above (semi-modals) Don't mix up with: %adv_purpose_to_inf (c.f. adjuncts to verb) If it is not a predicative infinitive: - Does this clause denote the x-ing? Is there no other candidate for subject? If there is an "it", can it be eliminated by moving the to-infinitive-clause in front of the sentence? (TO SEE HIM HERE surprises me)) CODE: +subject_to_inf - Does this clause denote the x-ed? Is something else the subject? Can a passive be formed where the to-infinitive-clause is the subject, possibly with a correlating"it". (He promised TO SEND ME THE MONEY)) CODE: +dir_obj1_to_inf - This is not the subject and not the x-ed. This clause can not become the subject in the passive. (He likes TO TALK TO THE PEOPLE.) CODE: +obj_to_inf with direct object plus to- infinitive clause? Two situations: - The direct object and the infinitive clause do not form a unit. They can't be substituted by "what" (He persuaded John TO ATTEND THE MEETING - *What did he persuade?) Rather, the direct object is alone the x-ed. If the sentence is turned into the passive the to-infinitive clause can remain unchanged (John was persuaded to attend the meeting) CODE & +dir_obj1 +obj_to_inf The direct object and the infinitive clause logically form a unit. Together they represent the x-ed. They can be substituted by "what" (He believed THE STRANGER TO BE A POLICEMAN - What did he believe?) CODE & +dir_obj1 +suppl_to_inf - with ing_participle clause ? - Same test for ing-participle as with +subject_to_inf. (SEEING HIM HERE surprises me) CODE: +subject_ing - Same test for ing-participle as with +dir_obj1_to_inf. (It simplifies EDITING A TEXT) CODE: +dir_obj1_ing - Same test for ing-participle as with +obj_to_inf. (He likes TALKING TO THE PEOPLE) CODE: +obj_ing - with direct object plus ing_participle clause ? - Do they logically form one argument? (I hear THE ANGELS SINGING) CODE: & +dir_obj1 +suppl_ing - with direct object plus past participle clause ? - Usually the past-participle clause occurs in connection with +dir_obj1 forming one logical unit: He found THE SEATS TAKEN CODE: & +dir_obj1 +suppl_ed with interrogative clause ? (whether, if, why, when, how ...) - Does this clause denote the x-ing? Is there no other candidate for subject? If there is an "it", can it be eliminated by moving the interrogative clause in front of the sentence? (HOW THE BOOK WILL SELL depends on the author)) CODE: +subject_quest - Does this clause denote the x-ed? Is something else the subject? Can a passive be formed where the interrogative clause is the subject, possibly with a correlating"it". (I don't know WHETHER THE BANKS ARE OPEN. - IT is not known IF THE BANKS ARE OPEN) CODE: +dir_ob1_quest - This is not the subject and not the x-ed. This clause can not become the subject in the passive. (I wonder WHETHER THE BANKS ARE OPEN.) CODE: +obj_quest - with direct speech (phrase in quotation marks)? - Is there no other candidate for subject? (+noun_pred_subj, which might be considered, is never quoted) ("RMDIR" means to remove the directory) CODE: +subject_quote (The infinitive is +pred_infinitive) - Is it the x-ed? Is there an alternative of indirect speech (+dir_obj1 clause)? (He said: "I AM TIRED:" CODE: +dir_obj1_quote - "to be" with "there" and subject? - with "be" (there is the milkman) - with progressive' (there is someone waiting) - with passive' (there has been a box stolen) CODE +subject_exist - "to be" with cleft sentence - (It was JOHN who wore his best suit last night) CODE +cleft_subject - (It is me WHO IS TO BLAME) CODE +cleft_relclause - (It was last night THAT JOHN WORE HIS BEST SUIT) CODE +cleft_clause - Special template for (to:verb) to form the infinitive with "to" +infinitive Wordclass adjective Investigate here the predicative use of the adjective in question. See Adjunct-to-noun for the attributive use. Predicative adjectives always form a nucleus with a copula verb (be, remain, become). However, the predicative adjective, rather than the verb, determines the type of subject and the objects that can occur. That is why the latter are to be coded with the adjective. Don't mix up with: +adje_pred_subj, +adje_pred_obj (where subject or object depend on the verb rather than on the adjective) Since it makes no difference whether we have a verb or a copula plus an adjective, the templates to be assigned to adjectives are a subset of the ones available for verbs. - with a noun phrase as subject ? - The adjective can be attributed to the noun (the girl is beautiful - the beautiful girl) CODE: +subject - with a prepositional phrase? - Exclude adverbials! The prepositional phrase cannot be omitted. It cannot be moved in front of the copula. It cannot be substituted by "where", "when", "to what extent" etc. (The icons are adjacent TO EACH OTHER) CODE: +prep_obj - with a "that"-clause ? - Is there no other candidate for subject? If there is an "it", can it be eliminated by moving the "that"-clause in front of the sentence? If the verb in the clause must be indicative (THAT HE KNOWS THE ANSWER is amazing) CODE: +subject_that If the verb in the clause can be subjunctive (or indicative) (THAT HE KNOW THE ANSWER is critical) CODE: +subject_that_mandat - Is something else the subject? If the verb in the clause must be indicative (I am sure THAT HE IS HERE NOW) CODE +obj_that If the verb in the clause can be subjunctive (or indicative) (I was adamant THAT HE BE APPOINTED) CODE +obj_that_mandat - with to-infinite clause ? - Is there no other candidate for subject? If there is an "it", can it be eliminated by moving the infinitive in front of the sentence? (TO SMOKE HEAVILY can be dangerous) CODE: +subject_to_inf - Is something else the subject (which is not the logical object of the infinitive clause)? (I am afraid TO DO IT) CODE +obj_to_inf Note: Raised object and subject constructions must be transformed into a construction with the phrases not raised, before determining the code. (Bob is hard to convince -> To convince Bob is hard. +subject_to_inf That she left is difficult to understand - To understand that she left is difficult +subject_to_inf) - with ing_participle clause ? - No other candidate for subject? (TELLING LIES is bad) CODE +subject_ing with interrogative clause ? (whether, if, why, when, how ...) - Is there no other candidate for subject? If there is an "it", can it be eliminated by moving the interrogative clause in front of the sentence? (HOW THE BOOK WILL SELL is uncertain) CODE: +subject_quest - Is something else the subject? (I am not sure WHETHER HE IS HERE) CODE +obj_quest Wordclass: noun Cf. ADJUNCT for determiner and attributes. - with preposition - Does this prepositional phrase depends on the noun? Is the prepositional phrase obsolete if you exchange the noun? (a report ON CHILD ABUSE) CODE +prep_compl Note: phrases with "of" are not coded if they are equivalent to a genitive, i.e. if the of-phrase can changed into a genitive in front of the noun. (the top of the mountain - the mountain's top; however a waste of money - * money's waste Note: Also don't code a prep_compl if the prepositional phrase can be interpreted as one of the adverbial adjuncts admissible to nouns. Cf. below. - with that clause the fact that I had been seen CODE +that_compl - with to-infinitive my wish to be a pilot CODE +to_inf_compl - with interrogative clause the problem how we will get into the house CODE +quest_compl - with quoted expression the term "heavy weather" CODE +quote_compl Note: The clausal noun complements can be separated from the noun and explicitly predicated: the question is how we will get into the house. This structure is also derived from the noun complement code. Wordclass pronoun - with of-phrase The pronoun functions as a pre-determiner: none/all/some/either/neither of the children CODE +predet_of_count Wordclass preposition - with noun, pronoun, adverb, nominal relative clause, ing_participle, interrogative clause CODE +phrase Note: The noun in +phrase must be determined If a count_noun in the singular can occur without determiner (by bus) CODE +undet_phrase Selection is the list of nouns that can occur in this use. Note: Remember that non-count nouns and plurals as well as count nouns with a numbering (level one) are determined and fall under +phrase - with adjective, e.g."as" with predicative adjective The recognizes John as intelligent CODE +adjective Wordclass conjunction Criteria for distinguishing between conjunction and preporsiiton Conjunction opens up a clause. - Usually, this clause must have a finite verb as the predicate. - If an ing-participle or past participle is the predicate, the clause can be transformed into a finite one: after typing the text you can go home -> after you typed the text you can go home. - The conjunction does not fill a position in the clause, like the wh-pronoun in a relative or interrogative clause (I don't know where I put it - where is NOT a conjunction!) A preposition introduces an entity in a given predicate frame. - Usually the entity is represented by a noun or pronoun. So if a noun or pronoun follows, we have a preposition - A preposition can also be followed by a clause, which occurs with a conjunction (a discussion about WHETHER/IF THE BANKS ARE OPEN) or a relative pronoun (a discussion about WHERE TO PUT THE GARBAGE) - with complete sentence with subject and finite verb that he works hard CODE +finite_clause - with to-infinitive in order to catch the train CODE +to_infinitive - with ing_participle after CLEANING THE ROOM CODE +ing_participle - with past participle if urged by your friends CODE +past_participle Part 2: ADJUNCT Wordclass verb ADJUNCT to noun - participle functioning as attribute in a noun phrase the SLEEPING giant %attr_any_participle - to be assigned to verbs by WORDCAT rule - relative clause the car he repaired %rel_clause - to be assigned by WORDCAT rule - also adjunct to pronoun Wordclass noun ADJUNCT to noun - compound formation - denoting any relationship between the noun concepts state park, language analysis program %attr_nominal - to be assigned to nouns by WORDCAT rule - does it denote a concept that can denote provenance, e.g. a place or a country? the LONDON school of economics CODE %attr_prov_noun ADJUNCT to adjective - measure nouns THREE FEET long/deep/high/thick CODE %mod_adj_size THREE YEARS old CODE %mod_adj_time Wordclass preposition ADJUNCT to verb - special for "for": subject of infinitive clause for a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable CODE %inf_subject ADJUNCT to noun - special for "of" as genitive the name of the ship CODE %of_genitive Wordclass adverb and adverbial preposition ADJUNCT to verb - special for "not" %negation - Does it express the speakers attitude towards the proposition (Could not be observed in the event as such); usually in front position (hopefully) %adv_attitude - Does it express the degree of certainty under which the proposition is true (probably) %adv_truth - Does it express a formal text connection (as opposed to a semantic one) furthermore, also, besides; usually in front position %adv_connect %adv_connect_prep - Does it focus on limitations or extensions of the predicate's application (also, only). Position before main verb or between auxiliary and rest of predicate %adv_focus - Same test; however position at end of sentence (too, as well, either) %adv_additive - Does it describe the manner or means the predicate is accomplished? Does it answer a "how"-question? Substitute it by "how" %adv_manner %adv_manner_how - special for how %adv_manner_prep (no selection needed) by, according to %adv_manner_reflexive - special for all reflexives %adv_manner_in manner, way, fashion, style %adv_manner_at size, angle %adv_manner_noun - special for the way, the manner %adv_manner_clause - e.g. for as - Does it denote the location of the event? Can it be questioned by "where"? Substitute! %adv_place - can be adjunct to noun too %adv_place_where %adv_place_prep place' London - can be adjunct to noun too %adv_place_clause special for where and wherever Note: distance, size of locations subsumed under %adv_extent - Does it describe the direction, origin or goal of the event? Substitute "where to? where from? where along" %adv_direct - can be adjunct to noun too %adv_direct_prep - can be adjunct to noun too %adv_direct_clause special for wherever - Does it denote the point in time when the event happens? Substitute "when" %adv_time - can be adjunct to noun too %adv_time_prep - can be adjunct to noun too %adv_time_noun special for certain nouns %adv_time_clause for conjunctions while, when, after Note: duration is subsumed under %adv_extent - Does it indicate how often the events happens? %adv_frequency includes the adverb times - Does it denote the extent, size, duration etc? "how much? how far? how long ? %adv_extent %adv_extent_to extent, degree (augment selection) %adv_extent_by by a certain amount (augment selection) %adv_extent_noun miles, hours, pound %adv_extent_adj long, far, - The preposition "with" %adv_accomp_prep - can be adjunct to noun too - Is it a derivation of a noun and denotes a relationship of the predication to the concept of that noun? geographically = with respect to geography; morally with respect to moral. %adv_denominal - Does it denote the reason or cause of the event %adv_cause_why for why only %adv_cause_prep because of %adv_cause_clause conjunction because - Does it denote the purpose or intended destination? "For what purpose", For whom" %adv_purpose_prep - can be adjunct to noun too %adv_purpose_to_inf assigned to verbs by WORDCAT - can be adjunct to noun too %adv_purpose_clause in order to - Does it denote a condition? %adv_condition %adv_condition_prep on red light %adv_condition_clause if, unless - Does it answer "what is the consequence/result?" %adv_result then %adv_result_clause so that ... - Does it express a contrast to an expectation? %adv_even %adv_but %adv_though %adv_concession_prep in spite of %adv_concession_clause conjunction though - Anything else %adv_any %adv_any_prep %adv_any_participle assigned by WORDCAT ADJUNCT to noun - Adverb in front of the noun phrase, even in front of pre-determiners: JUST half of the women %attr_focus_pre Also in front of prepositional phrase: JUST before breakfast - Adverb at the end of the noun phrase: the women only %attr_focus_post - special for "in particular" %attr_in_particular ADJUNCT to pronoun - modifying universal pronouns: nearly everybody %mod_pron ADJUNCT to adjective - Is it derived from noun: THEORETICALLY sound %mod_adje_denominal - Does it modify the extent? extremely, very %mod_adj_extent - special for "how" %mod_adj_how ADJUNCT to adverb %mod_adv_extent MORE easily, RIGHT out ADJUNCT to numeral %mod_numeral OVER two hundred Wordclass determiner ADJUNCT to noun Determiners are in n_position 2 ; they can only be preceded by a pre-determiner. - Does it go with count noun in singular and plural? %dete_count_any - Does it go with count noun, in singular only? %dete_count_sing - Does it go with count noun, in plural only? %dete_count_plur - Does it go with non-count noun? %dete_non_count - Special for "a"/"an" %dete_a - Is it an interrogative determiner? which, whose ... %dete_quest - Is it a pre-determiner, i.e. does it occur in front and in addition to another determiner (n_position 1)? all my children, both the students, half the books if it go with a singular count noun %predet_count_sing if it goes with a plural count noun %predet_count_plur if it goes with a non-count noun %predet_non_count ADJUNCT to verb - special for possessive pronouns (which have category determiner) %ing_subject Wordclass numeral ADJUNCT to noun - special for "one" %numeral_one - all cardinal and ordinal numerals; ordinal numerals occur right after the determiner (n_position 3); cardinal numerals one position further to the right: the first three ... %numeral ADJUNCT to numeral - all digits %digit - one through nine as adjunct to twenty, thirty ... ninety %add_to_10 - one through nine and eleven through nineteen as adjunct to hundred %multiply_100 - all number smaller 1000 %multiply_1000 - "and" +and_num %add_to_100 %add_to_1000 Wordclass adjective ADJUNCT to noun - Does it occur right after the determiner (n_position 3), preceding a cardinal numeral, excluding an ordinal numeral and preceding any other type of adjective? It probably puts a focus on the NP %attr_focus_adj the ONLY ..... reason - Does it precede the other adjectives except the focusing ones (n_position 5). It probably modifies the extent to which the noun concept applies, or the size etc. of the entity %attr_extent the only REAL ... reason, two BIG old trees - Does it denote a property which adheres to the entity represented by the noun, so that the properties of the adjective and the noun concept form an intersection in the word of entities (a red coat = the intersection between all the red things and the coat things)? Does it occur at n_position 6 and can several adjectives of this type co-occur? %attr_any the first two big OLD ... trees Note: %attr_any covers occurrence after partitive pronouns: somebody strange - Does it denote the provenance of the noun entity, e.g. nationality? Does it occur after the general property adjectives (n_position 7)? %attr_prov_adj a big old GERMAN Christmas tree - Is it an adjective derived from a noun, introducing some kind of relationship between this concept and the entity denoted by the noun phrase? social - related to society; woolen - related to wool %attr_denominal a vague SOCIAL responsibility